The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. [126][127] Exploration reached the Southern Hemisphere in the Atlantic and the Southern tip of Africa. [219] Languages in adjacent areas show significant overlaps (such as in English, for example). [125] In the 15th century, Europe started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers. In a customs jurisdiction such as the European Union, this would leave the seller liable to a sales tax bill as if the goods were sold to a domestic customer. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus. The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention, and scientific development. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. There is no obligation for the seller to make a contract of carriage, but there is also no obligation for the buyer to arrange one either - the buyer may sell the goods on to their own customer for collection from the original seller's warehouse. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of Latin Christendom coalesced in the 8th century, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Germanic traditions and Christian-Latin culture, defined partly in contrast with Byzantium and Islam, and limited to northern Iberia, the British Isles, France, Christianised western Germany, the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy. [198][199][200], The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as they would under a CIF arrangement. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. In Asia, European-derived populations, (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of Northern Kazakhstan.[267]. [216], In general, Europe is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. [231], The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. It may well be that another Incoterm, such as FCA seller's premises, may be more suitable, since this puts the onus for declaring the goods for export onto the seller, which provides for more control over the export process.[14]. [29] Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europe, Asia, and Libya (Africa), with the Nile and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia. [2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Another point to consider is that CIF should only be used for non-containerized sea freight; for all other modes of transport it should be replaced with CIP. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. The population of France was reduced by half. This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Cold War. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. [140] From the Union of Krewo (1385) east-central Europe was dominated by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. Four years later, in 1725, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by proposing that mountain ranges could be included as boundaries between continents whenever there were deemed to be no suitable waterways, the Ob and Irtysh Rivers notwithstanding. Also, making additions or variations to the meaning of a certain term should be carefully done as parties' failure to use any trade term at all can produce unexpected results.[2]. The Battle of Kursk, which involved the largest tank battle in history, was the last major German offensive on the Eastern Front. CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under Institute Cargo Clauses (A) of the Institute of London Underwriters (which is a change from Incoterms 2010 where the minimum was Institute Cargo Clauses (C)), or any similar set of clauses, unless specifically agreed by both parties. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east–west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. After the staggering Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, the German offensive in the Soviet Union turned into a continual fallback. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. Europe lies mainly in the temperate climate zones, being subjected to prevailing westerlies. [16][17][18][19] Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. [273][circular reference], Religion in Europe according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012[8], The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves Christians,[274] including Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and various Protestant denominations. [215] The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. [1] They are widely used in international commercial transactions or procurement processes and their use is encouraged by trade councils, courts and international lawyers. Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made available for unloading to the buyer. This includes Åland (a region of Finland), two constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark (other than Denmark itself), three Crown dependencies, and two British Overseas Territories. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies[227] are constitutional. The terminal can be a port, airport, or inland freight interchange, but must be a facility with the capability to receive the shipment. The list below includes all entities[clarification needed] falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe,[clarification needed] geographic or political. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520, and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms, which divided German princes between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. Incoterms 2020 is the ninth set of international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce, with the first set having been published in 1936. Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent. During the High Middle Ages the population of Europe experienced significant growth, culminating in the Renaissance of the 12th century. [89], In the east a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Muslims and reconquered the Balkans. All have over 10 million residents,[269] and as such have been described as megacities. There are certain terms that have special meaning within Incoterms, and some of the more important ones are defined below:[12], Parties adopting Incoterms should be wary about their intention and variations. Spain and Portugal, the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Morris, Terence Alan (1998). Expanding from their base in central Italy beginning in the third century BCE, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe by the turn of the millennium. was Tregelles v. Sewell (1862),[22] where the court established that under c.i.f. With all Incoterms beginning with D there is no obligation to provide insurance, however the insurable risk is for the seller's account. In 988, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state. [61] By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered Italy, and over the following two centuries it conquered Greece and Hispania (Spain and Portugal), the North African coast, much of the Middle East, Gaul (France and Belgium), and Britannia (England and Wales). Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Roman Empire buyer 's vessel the... 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